莫名堂觀察:高科技能改變現代戰爭的走向嗎?
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加拿大英文教練,致力於地道英文表達
讀了《外交事務》Foreign Affairs雜誌(2023九、十月號)登載的一篇文章《回到戰壕》Back in the trenches, 我覺得比較有趣,摘錄點評如下。
這篇文章就正在進行的俄烏戰爭提出一個問題:高科技能否改變現代戰爭的走向?從題目我們就可以看到,作者對此是持懷疑態度的,否則就不會用《回到戰壕》這樣的題目了;戰壕讓人想起陣地戰,典型的傳統戰爭的格局。
一開篇,作者先引述了一些流行觀點,它們認爲無人機、人工智能、商業技術的快速應用正引發一場軍事革命,未來的戰爭將由無人機來主導。(Drones, artificial intelligence, and rapid adaption of commercial technologies in Ukraine are creating a “genuine military revolution” …the future of war will be dictated and waged by drones.)
對此,作者列舉了一系列數字,包括坦克損耗量、人員的傷亡等,來證明上述高科技其實並沒改變現代戰爭的根本格局。以坦克損耗量爲例:俄烏雙方自戰爭開始以來的頭350天,各自損耗的坦克的比例都在50%以上。(One way to assess the net results of the use of new weapons in Ukraine is to look at the casualties they have inflicted. At the time of the invasion, Russia had about 3400 tanks in active service. But in the first 350 days of the war, it lost somewhere between 1688 and 3253 for a loss rate of somewhere between 50%-96%. Ukraine fielded about 900 tanks at the time of invasion and lost at least 459 in the first 350 days, for a loss rate of at least 50%. 注:我沒有把英文部分全部翻譯出來,只列舉要點,其餘部分讀者自行閱讀)
戰前,很多人都預測,像坦克這樣笨重的傳統武器將會被淘汰,而實戰中,俄烏雙方都仍舊大量依賴坦克。此外,另一個傳統武器—大炮—也被繼續使用,而大炮造成對雙方造成的傷亡仍舊是最大的。(Today, some believed that 80-90 percent of Ukrainian casualties have been caused by artillery fire…that 85% of Russian casualties are caused by Ukrainian artillery.)
換句話說,坦克、大炮仍舊是戰場的主力。
再從人員傷亡看,雖然雙方都擁有高科技武器,但是人員的傷亡都很嚴重。以烏克蘭爲例,目前的傷亡數,放在歷史戰爭的數據中進行比較,即使不是高得離譜,也依然很高,而美國等國對烏克蘭的高科技武裝大家都看到了,這並沒有降低烏克蘭人的傷亡。(Casualty rate in Ukraine have not been unusually high by historical standards…losses are still heavy)。
再說了,高科技武器之所以高,還有一個原因那就是它們也很貴。作者舉了一個有意思的例子說,一發高達十萬美元的炮彈,雖然無人機準確定位了兩個目標,但值得來上這麼一發嗎?(A $100,000 guided 155-millimeter artillery shell is too expensive to fire at a two-man target even if a drone locates the soldiers’ foxhole perfectly.)
高科技的優勢不是一勞永逸的,你擁有了高科技,也別忘了對手的學習能力:美國提供給烏克蘭的HIMRS導彈,由GPS精準制導,但俄羅斯人學會了對信號進行干擾,極大地降低了導彈的精準度,千萬別小看了對手的反制措施。(The long-range guided HIMARS missile systems the United States provided to Ukraine in June 2022 use GPS signals for guidance; the Russians now routinely jam the signals, which has dramatically reduced the accuracy of the missiles. Technical countermeasures are ubiquitous in war , and they quickly limited the performance of many new weapons.)
反制措施、不斷提高的適應能力、靈活多樣的戰術,仍然是現代戰爭的主要策略。作者打了一個比喻,100人組成的一個連,出現在200碼的開闊地帶,敵方一發炮彈打來,基本上就“連滅”了;如果同樣這100人,在同樣開闊的地帶進行分散,那麼,人員的死亡率就會降至不到10%,如果再利用地形進行掩護,那麼這發炮彈造成的死亡將連5%都不到。(The most important adaptations are often not technological but operational and tactical. A 100-soldier infantry company massed in the open on a 200-yard front can be wiped out by a single battalion volley from hostile artillery; dispersed over a 100-yard front with a depth of 200 yards the same unit might suffer less than ten percent losses. If the unit has even partially concealed itself and the artillery misses the formation’s center, losses might be reduced to a little as five percent.)這些雖說都是軍事常識,但它們都非常有效。美軍當年在越南,武器不可謂不先進,但密集的、持續的轟炸,對越南人有多少用?今天,即使是精準打擊的武器,在分散、隱藏的目標面前,能造成的損失依舊不大。(Precision weapons that are devastating on the proving ground or against exposed, massed targets yield much lower casualty rates against dispersed, concealed forces.)
最後,作者總結道,俄烏戰爭依舊是演進式而非革命性的。(The Ukraine war is more evolutionary than revolutionary.)依舊是現代背景下的傳統戰爭的延續,科技因素只是決定戰爭走向的一個因素,而且不是決定性因素。(The reason technological advances are not more determinative in war is that they are only a part of what shapes outcomes.)重要的還是在於技術和人的關係上面。(Relationships between technology and human adaption.)